Following the end of the Civil War, the integration of African-Americans as citizens sparked immediate change in the culture of the nation. No longer tied down by the chains of slavery, African-Americans introduced the once hidden culture built throughout the years of slavery. With so much to offer, African-Americans established new religions and new art techniques pivotal to shaping the culture of 20th century America. In 1919, W.E.B. Du Bois created the first Pan African Congress, encouraging African-American unity and increasing spirituality. Langston Hughes and James Weldon Johnson wrote powerful poetry and stories depicting the current state of life for blacks during the Harlem Renaissance. Magazines attempted to help fight for Black rights like Crisis, an NAACP magazine; The Messenger, by A. Phillip Randolph and Chandler Owen; and Opportunity, a National Urban League magazine. These magazines criticized discrimination and helped encouraged Blacks to unify. Among the reasons for the move to Harlem by Blacks was the high concentration of African-Americans and the chance for economic opportunity. Archibald Motley and William Johnson emerged as some of the most famous Negro painters in history through their portraits and realism and expressionism painting styles. With the growth of these famous icons, the true identity of African-American culture was introduced to the United States.